Which Asian Economies Have the Most Sustainable Trade Policies?

By Matt Dallisson, 22/04/2021

Which Asian Economies Have the Most Sustainable Trade Policies?

To say that Asia has benefited from international trade is an understatement. By opening its economies to the rest of the world, the region has become a leading exporter in many of today’s most important industries.

Trade has also improved Asia’s quality of life, lifting over one billion people out of poverty since 1990. Without the proper controls, however, such rapid growth could have harmful effects on Asia’s environment and society.

In this infographic from The Hinrich Foundation, we break down the results of their 2020 Sustainable Trade Index (STI). Since 2016, this index has ranked 19 Asian economies and the U.S. across three categories of trade sustainability: economic, social, and environmental.

What Exactly is Sustainable Trade?

International trade is an important source of economic growth, enabling domestic businesses to expand, reach new customers, and gain exposure to foreign markets.

At the same time, countries that focus too heavily on exports put themselves at greater long-term risk. For example, an aggressive expansion into manufacturing is likely to impair the quality of a country’s air, while overdependence on a single product or sector can create an economy that is susceptible to demand shocks.

“The primary principle which underpins sustainable trade is balance. Trade cannot be pursued solely for economic gains, without considering environmental and social outcomes.”
– Merle A. Hinrich

Thus, sustainable trade supports not only economic growth, but also environmental protection and strengthened social capital. It involves finding a balance between short-term incentives and long-term resilience.

Measuring Sustainable Trade

The Sustainable Trade Index (STI) is based on three underlying pillars of trade sustainability. Every economy in the STI receives a score between 0 and 100 for each pillar.

Pillar	Number of Indicators	Examples of Indicators
Economic pillar	21	Use of trade tariffs Logistics performance Growth in labor force
Social pillar	12	Level of economic inequality Presence of child labor Educational attainment
Environmental pillar	14	Level of air pollution Reliance on natural resources Environmental standards

The economic pillar measures a country’s ability to to grow its economy through trade, while the social pillar measures a population’s tolerance for trade expansion, given the costs and benefits of economic growth.

Last but not least, the environmental pillar measures a country’s proficiency at managing climate-related risks. Individual pillar scores are then aggregated to arrive at an overall ranking, which also has a maximum possible score of 100.

The Sustainable Trade Index 2020: Overall Rankings

For the first time in the STI’s history, Japan and South Korea have tied for first place. Both countries have placed in the top five previously, but 2020 marks the first time for either to take the top spot.

Rank	Economy	Overall Score
1 (tied)	🇯🇵 Japan	75.1
1 (tied)	🇰🇷 South Korea	75.1
3	🇸🇬 Singapore	70.2
4	🇭🇰 Hong Kong	68.3
5	🇹🇼 Taiwan	67.0
6	🇺🇸 U.S.	66.2
7	🇨🇳 China	56.5
8	🇵🇭 Philippines	55.9
	🌏 Average	55.1
9	🇹🇭 Thailand	50.5
10	🇱🇰 Sri Lanka	50.4
11	🇲🇾 Malaysia	49.5
12	🇧🇩 Bangladesh	49.4
13	🇧🇳 Brunei	48.5
14	🇰🇭 Cambodia	47.8
15 (tied)	🇮🇳 India	46.9
15 (tied)	🇻🇳 Vietnam	46.9
17	🇮🇩 Indonesia	46.3
18	🇱🇦 Laos	46.1
19	🇵🇰 Pakistan	43.9
20	🇲🇲 Myanmar	40.3

Advanced economies like Singapore, Hong Kong, and Taiwan were also strong performers, each scoring in the high 60s. At the other end of the spectrum, developing countries such as India and Vietnam were tightly packed within the 40 to 50 range.

To learn more, here’s how each country performed in the three underlying pillars.

1. Economic Pillar Rankings

Hong Kong topped the economic pillar for the first time thanks to its low trade costs and well-developed financial sector. Financial services have increased their contribution to Hong Kong’s GDP from 13% in 2004 to 20% in 2018.

The region’s recently initiated national security law—which has resulted in greater political instability—may have a negative effect on future rankings.

Rank	Economy	Economic Score
1	🇭🇰 Hong Kong	69.6
2	🇸🇬 Singapore	68.7
3	🇨🇳 China	64.9
4	🇰🇷 South Korea	63.3
5 (tied)	🇲🇾 Malaysia	61.2
5 (tied)	🇺🇸 U.S.	61.2
7	🇹🇼 Taiwan	60.3
8	🇧🇳 Brunei	59.3
9 (tied)	🇯🇵 Japan	58.6
9 (tied)	🇵🇭 Philippines	58.6
	🌏 Average	56.9
11	🇧🇩 Bangladesh	56.3
12	🇰🇭 Cambodia	56
13	🇱🇰 Sri Lanka	54.7
14	🇻🇳 Vietnam	53.9
15	🇮🇩 Indonesia	52.1
16	🇮🇳 India	51.4
17	🇲🇲 Myanmar	49.5
18	🇹🇭 Thailand	47.4
19	🇵🇰 Pakistan	46.9
20	🇱🇦 Laos	44.0

China was also a strong performer, climbing to third for the first time. Asia’s largest economy benefits from a well-diversified group of trading partners, meaning it doesn’t rely too heavily on a single market.

The bottom five countries—India (16th), Myanmar (17th), Thailand (18th), Pakistan (19th) and Laos (20th)—suffered from issues such as payment risk, which is measured as the difficulty of getting money in and out of a country. This risk is especially damaging to trade because it discourages foreign direct investment.

2. Social Pillar Rankings

The social pillar features the highest average score, but also the largest gap from top to bottom. This gap has expanded over recent years, growing from 43.9 points in 2018 to 52.3 in 2020.

Rank	Economy	Social Score
1	🇹🇼 Taiwan	88
2	🇯🇵 Japan	87.3
3	🇰🇷 South Korea	86.9
4	🇺🇸 U.S.	83.1
5	🇸🇬 Singapore	63.1
6	🇵🇭 Philippines	62.4
7	🇹🇭 Thailand	60.9
	🌏 Average	59.1
8	🇭🇰 Hong Kong	57.8
9	🇧🇩 Bangladesh	55.8
10	🇲🇾 Malaysia	53.6
11	🇱🇦 Laos	53.0
12	🇮🇳 India	52.5
13	🇮🇩 Indonesia	52.4
14	🇧🇳 Brunei	51.6
15	🇻🇳 Vietnam	50.4
16	🇨🇳 China	50.2
17	🇰🇭 Cambodia	46.2
18	🇱🇰 Sri Lanka	46.1
19	🇵🇰 Pakistan	45.6
20	🇲🇲 Myanmar	35.7

Taiwan claimed the top spot for the second time, solidifying its reputation as Asia’s leader in human capital development. It performed well in the educational attainment indicator, with 93.6% of its population receiving a tertiary education.

China, despite its success in other pillars, only managed 16th. This was partly due to the effects of its now defunct one-child policy, which has been responsible for creating gender imbalances and a shrinking population.

3. Environmental Pillar Rankings

The environmental pillar has the lowest average score of the three. Japan, Singapore, Hong Kong, and South Korea were the only countries to score above 75.

Rank	Economy	Environmental Score
1	🇯🇵 Japan	80.0
2	🇸🇬 Singapore	78.7
3	🇭🇰 Hong Kong	77.4
4	🇰🇷 South Korea	75.2
5	🇨🇳 China	54.5
6	🇺🇸 U.S.	54.3
7	🇹🇼 Taiwan	52.8
8	🇱🇰 Sri Lanka	50.4
	🌏 Average	49.1
9	🇵🇭 Philippines	46.6
10	🇹🇭 Thailand	43.2
11	🇰🇭 Cambodia	41.2
12	🇱🇦 Laos	41.1
13	🇵🇰 Pakistan	39.3
14	🇮🇳 India	36.7
15	🇻🇳 Vietnam	36.3
16	🇧🇩 Bangladesh	36.0
17	🇲🇲 Myanmar	35.6
18	🇧🇳 Brunei	34.6
19	🇮🇩 Indonesia	34.3
20	🇲🇾 Malaysia	33.8

The top four performed well in areas such as air quality and water pollution, and with the exception of Hong Kong, have all introduced carbon pricing schemes in the past decade. This doesn’t mean these countries are without their flaws, however.

Land-constrained Singapore, for instance, ranked 16th in the deforestation indicator. The city-state is one of the densest population centers in the world, and has cut down forests to clear space for further settlement and urbanization.

Building Back Better From COVID-19

Despite the damage that COVID-19 has caused, there are some silver linings. This includes the environmental benefits experienced by China, where lockdowns reduced carbon emissions by 200 million tonnes in a single month. It’s been estimated that after two months, China’s reduced pollution levels saved the lives of 77,000 people.

These temporary improvements are an explicit reminder of the environmental and social costs associated with economic growth. In response, governments in Asia are taking steps to ensure the long-term sustainability of their nations. Japan and South Korea both announced their commitments to achieving carbon neutrality by 2050, while China set a similar goal for 2060.